Incident: Capital One Data Breach: Massive Hack Exposes Millions' Information

Published Date: 2019-07-30

Postmortem Analysis
Timeline 1. The software failure incident, which was a data breach targeting Capital One, happened on July 19, 2019, as mentioned in the article [87187].
System [Article 87187] 1. Capital One's infrastructure configuration vulnerability
Responsible Organization 1. The alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, was responsible for causing the software failure incident at Capital One [Article 87187].
Impacted Organization 1. Individuals in the US and Canada who applied for Capital One products [87187] 2. Capital One as a company [87187]
Software Causes 1. The software cause of the failure incident was a "configuration vulnerability" in Capital One's infrastructure that the hacker exploited [87187].
Non-software Causes 1. The alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, exploited a "configuration vulnerability" in Capital One's infrastructure, which allowed her to access the data [Article 87187].
Impacts 1. Personal details of about 106 million individuals across the US and Canada were stolen, including names, addresses, and phone numbers [Article 87187]. 2. Approximately 140,000 social security numbers and 80,000 linked bank account numbers were compromised in the US, along with about one million social insurance numbers in Canada [Article 87187]. 3. The hacker was able to obtain credit scores, limits, balances, payment history, and contact information of the affected individuals [Article 87187]. 4. Capital One had to provide free credit monitoring and identity protection to those affected by the breach [Article 87187].
Preventions 1. Implementing robust cybersecurity measures to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data [87187]. 2. Conducting regular security audits and vulnerability assessments to identify and address potential weaknesses in the company's infrastructure [87187]. 3. Providing comprehensive cybersecurity training to employees to raise awareness about potential threats and how to mitigate them [87187]. 4. Utilizing encryption techniques to protect sensitive information stored within the company's systems [87187]. 5. Implementing multi-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security for accessing critical systems and data [87187].
Fixes 1. Implementing robust security measures to prevent unauthorized access and exploitation of configuration vulnerabilities [87187]. 2. Conducting regular security audits and assessments to identify and address potential weaknesses in the company's infrastructure [87187]. 3. Enhancing employee training and awareness on cybersecurity best practices to prevent internal threats and unauthorized activities [87187].
References 1. Capital One company statement [Article 87187] 2. US Justice Department [Article 87187] 3. Court documents [Article 87187] 4. US attorney's office in Washington [Article 87187]

Software Taxonomy of Faults

Category Option Rationale
Recurring unknown a) The software failure incident related to the Capital One data breach is specific to Capital One itself. There is no mention in the article of a similar incident happening before within the same organization. b) The Capital One data breach incident involving the alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, is not mentioned to have happened at other organizations or with their products and services. The focus of the article is on the breach at Capital One specifically.
Phase (Design/Operation) design, operation (a) The software failure incident in the Capital One data breach was attributed to a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, which allowed the hacker to exploit the system [87187]. (b) The operation of the system also played a role in the failure as the hacker, Paige Thompson, was able to misuse the system by exploiting the identified configuration vulnerability to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data [87187].
Boundary (Internal/External) within_system, outside_system (a) within_system: The software failure incident at Capital One was due to a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, which allowed the hacker to exploit the system and gain unauthorized access to sensitive data [87187]. This indicates that the failure originated from within the system itself. (b) outside_system: The breach was caused by an alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, who exploited the configuration vulnerability in Capital One's infrastructure. The hacker's actions from outside the system led to the data breach affecting millions of individuals in the US and Canada [87187].
Nature (Human/Non-human) non-human_actions, human_actions (a) The software failure incident in the Capital One data breach was primarily due to a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, which allowed the hacker to exploit the system without direct human involvement [87187]. (b) Human actions played a significant role in the software failure incident as the alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, who was a former software engineer, actively exploited the configuration vulnerability in Capital One's infrastructure to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data. Thompson's actions led to the breach of personal information of millions of individuals in the US and Canada [87187].
Dimension (Hardware/Software) software (a) The software failure incident in the Capital One data breach was not directly attributed to hardware issues. The breach occurred due to a hacker exploiting a "configuration vulnerability" in Capital One's infrastructure [87187]. (b) The software failure incident in the Capital One data breach was primarily due to contributing factors originating in software. The alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, was able to exploit a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, allowing her to access and steal personal data of millions of individuals [87187].
Objective (Malicious/Non-malicious) malicious (a) The software failure incident in this case was malicious. The data breach at Capital One was caused by an alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, who exploited a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure with the intent to steal personal information. Thompson was arrested on charges of computer fraud and abuse, and court documents indicate that she boasted about the data breach on an online forum [87187].
Intent (Poor/Accidental Decisions) poor_decisions (a) The software failure incident related to the Capital One data breach can be attributed to poor decisions made in terms of cybersecurity measures. The breach occurred due to a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, which the hacker exploited [87187]. This vulnerability indicates a lack of proper security measures or oversight in the design and implementation of the software system, reflecting poor decisions that led to the incident. Additionally, the alleged hacker, Paige Thompson, was able to access sensitive information such as names, dates of birth, credit scores, limits, balances, payment history, and contact information, highlighting the severity of the breach caused by poor decisions in ensuring data protection and security.
Capability (Incompetence/Accidental) development_incompetence, accidental (a) The software failure incident in the Capital One data breach can be attributed to development incompetence. The breach occurred due to a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, which the hacker was able to exploit [87187]. This vulnerability indicates a lack of professional competence in securing the system properly, leading to the breach. (b) The software failure incident can also be considered accidental as the breach was reportedly caused by a former Seattle technology company software engineer, Ms. Thompson, who allegedly boasted about the breach online [87187]. It seems that the breach was not intentional but rather a result of actions taken by an individual that led to the exposure of sensitive data.
Duration temporary The software failure incident in the Capital One data breach can be categorized as a temporary failure. The breach occurred due to a "configuration vulnerability" in the company's infrastructure, which indicates that the failure was caused by specific circumstances or factors introduced by the vulnerability exploited by the hacker [87187]. The breach was identified on July 19, and immediate actions were taken to address the issue, including the arrest of the alleged hacker and the company's commitment to investigating the breach, notifying affected individuals, and providing credit monitoring and identity protection [87187].
Behaviour value, other (a) crash: The software failure incident in this case did not involve a crash where the system loses state and does not perform any of its intended functions. The breach was due to a hacker exploiting a "configuration vulnerability" in Capital One's infrastructure, leading to unauthorized access to sensitive data [Article 87187]. (b) omission: The software failure incident did not involve the system omitting to perform its intended functions at an instance(s). Instead, the breach resulted from the hacker gaining unauthorized access to personal data by exploiting a vulnerability in the company's infrastructure [Article 87187]. (c) timing: The software failure incident was not related to the system performing its intended functions correctly but too late or too early. The breach was a result of the hacker successfully exploiting a vulnerability in Capital One's infrastructure to gain access to sensitive information [Article 87187]. (d) value: The software failure incident did involve the system performing its intended functions incorrectly. The hacker managed to obtain and steal personal information such as names, addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers, credit scores, limits, balances, payment history, and contact information [Article 87187]. (e) byzantine: The software failure incident did not exhibit a byzantine behavior where the system behaves erroneously with inconsistent responses and interactions. The breach was a result of a hacker exploiting a vulnerability in the company's infrastructure to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data [Article 87187]. (f) other: The software failure incident involved a security breach caused by a hacker exploiting a "configuration vulnerability" in Capital One's infrastructure, leading to the unauthorized access and theft of personal information of millions of individuals in the US and Canada. The breach did not involve a crash, omission, timing issue, or byzantine behavior but rather a targeted attack on the company's systems [Article 87187].

IoT System Layer

Layer Option Rationale
Perception None None
Communication None None
Application None None

Other Details

Category Option Rationale
Consequence property (d) property: People's material goods, money, or data was impacted due to the software failure The software failure incident at Capital One resulted in the theft of personal details of about 106 million individuals in the US and Canada. The data stolen included names, addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers, linked bank account numbers, credit scores, limits, balances, payment history, and contact information of those who applied for Capital One products [87187]. The breach compromised approximately 140,000 social security numbers and 80,000 linked bank account numbers in the US, as well as about one million social insurance numbers in Canada belonging to Capital One credit card customers. The hacker was able to exploit a configuration vulnerability in Capital One's infrastructure to access this sensitive information.
Domain finance (a) The failed system was related to the finance industry as it targeted financial services firm Capital One, a major credit card issuer in the US [87187].

Sources

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