Incident: Twitter Global Outage Caused by Software Update Failure

Published Date: 2022-12-28

Postmortem Analysis
Timeline 1. The software failure incident of Twitter's global outage happened on the evening of December 28, 2022 [137399].
System 1. Twitter website [137399] 2. Data centers [137399]
Responsible Organization 1. Elon Musk [137399]
Impacted Organization 1. Twitter users globally were impacted by the software failure incident as reported by numerous Twitter users and Downdetector [137399].
Software Causes 1. The outage was speculated to be triggered by a software update gone wrong, as mentioned in group chats among current and former engineers [137399].
Non-software Causes 1. Workforce reduction and operational changes due to Elon Musk's takeover of Twitter, leading to a skeleton crew and potential operational challenges [137399].
Impacts 1. Twitter experienced a global outage impacting numerous users, with over 10,000 user reports of outages within a short period of time [137399]. 2. The outage primarily affected users accessing Twitter through the website rather than the app [137399]. 3. The outage started in the United Kingdom and spread to other countries like Canada, Germany, Italy, and France [137399]. 4. The outage led to concerns and speculations among engineers that it might have been triggered by a software update gone wrong [137399].
Preventions 1. Implementing thorough testing procedures for software updates to catch any potential issues before deployment [137399]. 2. Maintaining an adequate number of experienced engineers to oversee and manage the software infrastructure [137399]. 3. Ensuring proper communication and coordination between different teams involved in software development and deployment to prevent missteps during updates [137399].
Fixes 1. Conducting a thorough investigation into the software update that potentially triggered the outage to identify the root cause and prevent similar incidents in the future [137399].
References 1. Twitter users 2. Downdetector 3. The Washington Post 4. Engineers (current and former) involved with Twitter [137399]

Software Taxonomy of Faults

Category Option Rationale
Recurring one_organization (a) The software failure incident having happened again at one_organization: The article mentions that Twitter experienced a global outage, and there were reports of outages impacting numerous users. Some engineers speculated that the outage was triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating a potential internal software failure incident within Twitter itself [137399]. (b) The software failure incident having happened again at multiple_organization: There is no specific mention in the article about similar incidents happening at other organizations or with their products and services.
Phase (Design/Operation) design, operation (a) The software failure incident related to the design phase: The outage on Twitter was speculated by some current and former engineers to have been triggered by a software update gone wrong. This indicates that the failure could be attributed to contributing factors introduced by system development or updates [137399]. (b) The software failure incident related to the operation phase: The article mentions that Elon Musk, after taking over Twitter, made large cuts to the data centers that keep the site running. Musk ordered the shutdown of the biggest data center in Sacramento, which caused anguish among engineers. This action could be considered a contributing factor introduced by the operation or management decisions affecting the system's stability [137399].
Boundary (Internal/External) within_system (a) within_system: The software failure incident reported in the articles suggests that the outage on Twitter was potentially caused by internal factors within the system. The article mentions that some engineers speculated that the outage was triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating an issue originating from within the system itself [137399]. Additionally, the article highlights how Elon Musk's cost-cutting measures, including significant cuts to data centers and staff layoffs, may have impacted the stability and performance of Twitter's platform, further pointing to internal factors contributing to the failure.
Nature (Human/Non-human) non-human_actions, human_actions (a) The software failure incident was speculated to be triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating a failure due to non-human actions [137399]. (b) The article mentions that since Elon Musk took over Twitter, he made large cuts to the data centers and fired thousands of staff members, including engineers. This could have potentially led to a lack of resources or expertise, contributing to the software failure incident, indicating a failure due to human actions [137399].
Dimension (Hardware/Software) hardware, software (a) The software failure incident related to hardware: - The article mentions that Elon Musk, after taking over Twitter, made large cuts to the data centers that keep the site running, including ordering the shutdown of the biggest data center in Sacramento [137399]. (b) The software failure incident related to software: - Engineers speculated that the outage was triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating a potential software-related issue [137399].
Objective (Malicious/Non-malicious) non-malicious (a) The software failure incident related to the Twitter outage was speculated by some current and former engineers to have been triggered by a software update gone wrong. This indicates a non-malicious software failure incident where the contributing factor was likely unintentional and not with the intent to harm the system [137399].
Intent (Poor/Accidental Decisions) poor_decisions (a) The software failure incident related to the Twitter outage was potentially due to poor decisions made by Elon Musk after taking over the company. Musk reportedly made large cuts to the data centers that keep the site running, including ordering the shutdown of the biggest data center in Sacramento. This led to a situation where Twitter was left with a skeleton crew, with many engineers being fired or quitting. Some engineers speculated that the outage was triggered by a software update gone wrong, possibly as a result of the decisions made by Musk to cut costs and reduce staff [137399].
Capability (Incompetence/Accidental) development_incompetence (a) The software failure incident related to development incompetence is evident in the article. It is mentioned that since Elon Musk took over Twitter, there have been significant cuts to data centers and staff layoffs, including engineers. Musk's decision to shut down a major data center in Sacramento caused distress among engineers. Additionally, there were reports of speculation among current and former engineers that the outage was triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating potential issues with the development process [137399]. (b) The software failure incident related to accidental factors is not explicitly mentioned in the provided article.
Duration temporary The software failure incident reported in Article 137399 regarding Twitter's global outage can be categorized as a temporary failure. The outage was not permanent but rather temporary, as indicated by the decrease in reports of outages a few hours after the problems emerged, signaling that the worst had passed. Additionally, the speculation among current and former engineers that the outage was triggered by a software update gone wrong further supports the notion of a temporary failure [137399].
Behaviour crash, other (a) crash: The software failure incident in the Twitter outage can be attributed to a crash as the system lost its state and was not performing its intended functions. Users reported a global outage with over 10,000 reports of outages within a short period of time [137399]. (b) omission: There is no specific mention of the software failure incident being due to the system omitting to perform its intended functions at an instance(s) in the provided article. (c) timing: The software failure incident was not related to the system performing its intended functions too late or too early. (d) value: The failure was not due to the system performing its intended functions incorrectly. (e) byzantine: The software failure incident did not involve the system behaving erroneously with inconsistent responses and interactions. (f) other: The software failure incident was speculated by some engineers to be triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating a potential issue with the update process leading to the outage [137399].

IoT System Layer

Layer Option Rationale
Perception None None
Communication None None
Application None None

Other Details

Category Option Rationale
Consequence property, theoretical_consequence The consequence of the software failure incident mentioned in the articles is as follows: (d) property: The software failure incident impacted people's material goods, money, or data. The article mentions that Twitter experienced a global outage, affecting numerous users. Additionally, the article highlights that Twitter's internal plans to save money, including making large cuts to data centers, led to concerns about the site's stability. Musk's actions, such as firing thousands of staff members and shutting down a major data center, were linked to potential issues with the platform's operation, indicating a property impact [137399].
Domain information (a) The software failure incident reported in the articles is related to the information industry, specifically affecting Twitter, a major social media platform focused on the production and distribution of information [137399]. The outage impacted users globally, with reports of outages starting in the United Kingdom and spreading to other countries like Canada, Germany, Italy, and France. The majority of impacted users were using the Twitter website, highlighting the significance of the platform in information dissemination. The incident was speculated to be triggered by a software update gone wrong, indicating a technical issue within the information industry.

Sources

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