Incident: Year 2038 Problem: 32-bit System Failure and Integer Overflow

Published Date: 2014-12-16

Postmortem Analysis
Timeline 1. The software failure incident, known as the Year 2038 Problem, is expected to happen on Tuesday, 19 January 2038 UTC as mentioned in Article 56154.
System 1. 32-bit systems [56154] 2. Unix operating system [56154]
Responsible Organization 1. The software failure incident was caused by the Year 2038 Problem, specifically affecting software using a 32-bit integer system [56154].
Impacted Organization 1. Computers, programs, servers, and gadgets running a 32-bit system [56154] 2. Phones, flight systems, and cars using embedded systems [56154] 3. Unix operating system, which powers Android and Apple phones, as well as most internet servers [56154]
Software Causes 1. The software cause of the failure incident was the Year 2038 Problem, which affects software using a 32-bit integer system. When the time reaches 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038, affected computers will not be able to distinguish between the real time and date, and the year 1901, leading to potential crashes and incorrect date displays [56154].
Non-software Causes 1. The Year 2038 Problem is caused by a limitation in 32-bit systems, which use four bytes and can only store a limited range of numbers [56154]. 2. The issue arises due to the inability of affected computers to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901, leading to an 'integer overflow' where the counter runs out of usable bits and begins reporting a negative number [56154]. 3. The problem affects the Unix operating system, which powers devices like Android and Apple phones, as well as most internet servers [56154].
Impacts 1. The software failure incident, known as the Year 2038 Problem, affected computers, programs, servers, and gadgets running a 32-bit system, potentially causing them to fail on a global scale unless patched and upgraded in advance [56154]. 2. Once the bug hit on January 19, 2038, affected computers were unable to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901, leading to potential issues with displaying dates correctly and causing software crashes [56154]. 3. The incident could wipe out programs that rely on the internal clock to make precise measurements, impacting various systems such as phones, flight systems, cars, and embedded systems that store accurate times and dates [56154]. 4. The software failure incident could also affect programs working with future dates, requiring fixes by a certain timeframe to avoid bugs appearing after 2018 [56154]. 5. The Year 2038 Problem particularly affected the Unix operating system, which powers Android and Apple phones, as well as most internet servers, highlighting the widespread impact of the software failure incident [56154].
Preventions 1. Upgrading affected systems to 64-bit systems could have prevented the software failure incident [56154, 56154]. 2. Patching and upgrading computers, programs, servers, and gadgets running a 32-bit system in advance of the Year 2038 Problem could have prevented the incident [56154].
Fixes 1. Updating affected software systems to a 64-bit system could fix the software failure incident caused by the Year 2038 Problem [56154, 56154]. 2. Patching and upgrading computers, programs, servers, and gadgets running a 32-bit system in advance could prevent the failure incident [56154].
References 1. The articles gather information about the software failure incident from the concept of the Year 2038 Problem, which is a theory that was recently proved when Psy's Gangnam Style exceeded two billion views on YouTube [56154]. 2. The articles also gather information from the technical details of 32-bit systems, their limitations, and the implications of the Year 2038 Problem on computers and programs [56154]. 3. Information is gathered from the specific example of YouTube's counter breaking when Psy's Gangnam Style video reached the upper limit of views on a 32-bit system, leading to Google updating to a 64-bit system [56154]. 4. The articles mention that the bug specifically affects the Unix operating system, which powers Android and Apple phones, as well as most internet servers, highlighting the broader impact of the Year 2038 Problem [56154]. 5. Information is gathered from the explanation by Economist journalist Glenn Fleishman regarding the transition to 64-bit signed integers in modern operating systems to address the Year 2038 Problem, while also noting potential failures in ancient devices or software [56154].

Software Taxonomy of Faults

Category Option Rationale
Recurring one_organization, multiple_organization (a) The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem has happened again within the same organization. Specifically, YouTube, which is owned by Google, experienced a similar issue when Psy's Gangnam Style video exceeded two billion views. This led to the counter breaking due to the system being set up on a 32-bit system. To address this, Google updated YouTube to run on a 64-bit system, which can handle a significantly larger number of views [56154]. (b) The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem has also affected multiple organizations using 32-bit systems. The Year 2038 Problem specifically impacts software using a 32-bit integer system, which could lead to failures in various computers, programs, servers, and gadgets unless they are patched and upgraded in advance. This issue is not limited to a single organization but can potentially impact any entity using 32-bit systems [56154].
Phase (Design/Operation) design, operation (a) The software failure incident related to the design phase can be attributed to the Year 2038 Problem affecting software using a 32-bit system. This issue arises from the limitation of 32-bit systems to store a limited range of numbers, leading to an 'integer overflow' when the clock strikes 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038. This limitation was not foreseen during the design of 32-bit systems, causing a potential global failure for computers, programs, servers, and gadgets unless they are patched and upgraded in advance [56154]. (b) The software failure incident related to the operation phase is highlighted by the potential consequences of the Year 2038 Problem on various systems and programs. The failure due to operation factors is described as computers not being able to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901, leading to incorrect date displays, crashes, and potential wipeouts of systems relying on precise measurements. This issue can affect phones, flight systems, cars, and embedded systems that rely on accurate time and date storage, emphasizing the operational impact of the Year 2038 Problem [56154].
Boundary (Internal/External) within_system (a) The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem is primarily within the system. The issue arises from the limitations of the 32-bit integer system used by computers, which leads to an 'integer overflow' when the clock strikes 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038. This internal limitation causes the affected computers to not be able to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901, potentially leading to incorrect date displays, crashes, and failures in programs relying on precise measurements [56154].
Nature (Human/Non-human) non-human_actions (a) The software failure incident occurring due to non-human actions: The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem is a result of a bug in 32-bit systems that will cause computers to not be able to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901 when the clock strikes 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038 [56154]. (b) The software failure incident occurring due to human actions: The failure related to the Year 2038 Problem is not directly attributed to human actions but rather to the limitations of 32-bit systems and the way they handle time and dates. However, the resolution of the issue involved human intervention in updating systems to 64-bit to handle the problem, as seen in the case of Google updating YouTube to 64-bits to accommodate more views [56154].
Dimension (Hardware/Software) hardware, software (a) The software failure incident related to hardware: - The Year 2038 Problem is a software failure incident that is expected to occur due to a bug in 32-bit systems when the time reaches 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038 [56154]. - The incident is related to the limitations of 32-bit systems in storing and processing data, specifically the issue of integer overflow when the counter runs out of usable bits and begins reporting a negative number [56154]. (b) The software failure incident related to software: - The Year 2038 Problem is a software failure incident caused by a bug in software using a 32-bit integer system [56154]. - The incident highlights the impact on software that relies on the internal clock to make precise measurements, potentially leading to crashes and incorrect date displays [56154]. - The need for software manufacturers to update to a 64-bit system to address the issue is also mentioned in the articles [56154].
Objective (Malicious/Non-malicious) non-malicious (a) The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem is non-malicious. It is a bug that affects software using a 32-bit system, causing computers to not be able to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901. This issue arises from the limitations of the 32-bit system in storing and processing time-related data, leading to a potential crash of affected systems unless patched and upgraded [56154].
Intent (Poor/Accidental Decisions) poor_decisions (a) The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem can be attributed to poor decisions made in the past regarding the use of 32-bit systems. These systems were limited in their ability to handle dates beyond a certain point, leading to the Year 2038 Problem where computers would not be able to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901. This limitation was a result of the decision to use 32-bit systems, which had a finite capacity for storing dates and times [56154].
Capability (Incompetence/Accidental) accidental (a) The software failure incident related to development incompetence is not explicitly mentioned in the provided article. Therefore, it is unknown whether the Year 2038 Problem was caused by development incompetence. (b) The software failure incident related to accidental factors is evident in the article. The Year 2038 Problem is described as a bug that affects software using a 32-bit system. This bug is expected to hit on January 19, 2038, and could lead to failures on a global scale unless systems are patched and upgraded in advance. The issue arises from the limitations of 32-bit systems in storing and processing time data, leading to a situation where affected computers cannot distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901. This unintended consequence of the system design can cause software to crash and impact various devices and systems that rely on accurate time measurements [56154].
Duration permanent (a) The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem is expected to be permanent. This is because the issue arises from a fundamental limitation in 32-bit systems, where the counter runs out of usable bits and begins reporting a negative number, leading to an 'integer overflow' [56154]. This limitation affects all systems running on 32-bit architecture, and unless they are patched and upgraded to 64-bit systems, the problem will persist beyond the critical date of 19 January 2038. The impact of this failure is global and could potentially lead to crashes and incorrect date/time representations in affected systems.
Behaviour crash, omission, other (a) crash: The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem could lead to crashes in affected computers and programs that rely on the internal clock to make precise measurements. When the bug hits, computers will not be able to distinguish between the real time and date, potentially causing software to crash [56154]. (b) omission: The Year 2038 Problem could also result in the omission of correct dates by affected computers. Once the bug occurs, computers may not be able to distinguish between the real time and date, potentially leading to incorrect date displays or omissions of accurate dates [56154]. (c) timing: The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem is not directly related to timing failures where the system performs its intended functions too late or too early. Instead, the issue is primarily about the system's inability to handle dates correctly beyond a certain point due to limitations in the 32-bit system [56154]. (d) value: The Year 2038 Problem does not directly involve failures related to the system performing its intended functions incorrectly in terms of value. The issue is more about the system's inability to handle dates beyond a specific threshold, leading to potential crashes or incorrect date displays [56154]. (e) byzantine: The software failure incident related to the Year 2038 Problem does not exhibit behaviors of inconsistency or erratic responses typically associated with Byzantine failures. The problem is more about a fundamental limitation in 32-bit systems regarding date handling rather than erratic behavior [56154]. (f) other: The other behavior observed in the software failure incident is the occurrence of an 'integer overflow.' This means that the counter in the affected systems has run out of usable bits and begins reporting a negative number, leading to the inability to distinguish between the real time and date and the year 1901 [56154].

IoT System Layer

Layer Option Rationale
Perception None None
Communication None None
Application None None

Other Details

Category Option Rationale
Consequence property, non-human, theoretical_consequence (a) death: There is no mention of people losing their lives due to the software failure incident in the provided article [56154]. (b) harm: There is no mention of people being physically harmed due to the software failure incident in the provided article [56154]. (c) basic: There is no mention of people's access to food or shelter being impacted because of the software failure incident in the provided article [56154]. (d) property: The software failure incident did impact material goods or data as it mentioned that the counter on YouTube broke when Psy's Gangnam Style video reached the upper limit of views on a 32-bit system [56154]. (e) delay: There is no mention of people having to postpone an activity due to the software failure incident in the provided article [56154]. (f) non-human: Non-human entities were impacted due to the software failure incident as it affected computers, programs, servers, and gadgets running a 32-bit system, leading to potential crashes and incorrect date displays [56154]. (g) no_consequence: The article does not mention that there were no real observed consequences of the software failure incident [56154]. (h) theoretical_consequence: The article discusses potential consequences of the software failure incident, such as affected computers not being able to distinguish between the real time and date, potential crashes, and programs relying on internal clocks for precise measurements being impacted [56154]. (i) other: There is no other consequence of the software failure incident mentioned in the article [56154].
Domain information, entertainment (a) The failed system related to the production and distribution of information as it mentions the impact on YouTube due to the Year 2038 Problem [56154]. (g) The failed system also affected utilities indirectly as it mentions that some embedded systems in phones, flight systems, and cars rely on storing accurate times and dates, which could be disrupted by the Year 2038 Problem [56154]. (k) The entertainment industry was directly impacted by the software failure incident as it specifically mentions YouTube and the issue faced with the view counter for the "Gangnam Style" video [56154].

Sources

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