Incident: Yahoo Password Breach: SQL Injection Attack Exposes User Credentials

Published Date: 2012-07-12

Postmortem Analysis
Timeline 1. The software failure incident involving the Yahoo Contributor Network happened on July 11, 2012, as mentioned in Article [13336]. 2. The software failure incident involving Yahoo Voice occurred around July 2012, as indicated in Article [13178].
System 1. Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site's security system failed, leading to a password breach [13336]. 2. Yahoo Voice, a user-contribution service on Yahoo's network, experienced a security failure resulting in the theft of over 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords [13178].
Responsible Organization 1. Hacker collective D33Ds Co. was responsible for causing the software failure incident at Yahoo Contributor Network by executing a "union-based SQL injection" attack, leading to the exposure of over 450,000 log-in credentials [13336]. 2. The Yahoo Voice hack was claimed by a group or individual known as "the D33Ds Company," indicating their responsibility for the software failure incident at Yahoo Voice as well [13178].
Impacted Organization 1. Yahoo Contributor Network users [13336] 2. Users of other email services such as Gmail, Hotmail, AOL, and ISPs [13336] 3. Yahoo Voice users [13178]
Software Causes 1. The software cause of the failure incident was a "union-based SQL injection" attack on Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site, which led to the exposure of over 450,000 log-in credentials stored in plain text, indicating a significant security failure on Yahoo's part [Article 13336]. 2. The passwords for the Yahoo Voice accounts were not encrypted, making it easy for hackers to scoop up emails and immediately start using them against other services, including Yahoo Mail, potentially putting more at risk [Article 13178].
Non-software Causes 1. Lack of encryption for passwords stored in plain text, making them easily accessible to hackers [13336, 13178] 2. Insufficient security measures in place to prevent SQL injection attacks, leading to the exposure of user credentials [13336] 3. Potential negligence in handling user data and passwords, as evidenced by the lack of hashing for passwords [13336] 4. Inadequate monitoring and detection of unauthorized access to user data [13178]
Impacts 1. Over 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords were stolen from Yahoo Voice, a user-contribution service on Yahoo's network, and posted online, potentially exposing users to security risks [Article 13178]. 2. The attack revealed a significant security failure on Yahoo's part as the passwords were stored in plain text instead of being cryptographically hashed, making them vulnerable to mass disclosure [Article 13336]. 3. The incident led to concerns about compromised email accounts, as the exposed passwords could be used to access other services, including Yahoo Mail, Gmail, Hotmail, AOL, and various ISPs [Article 13336]. 4. Users were advised to change their passwords not only for Yahoo but also for any other major service where they may have used the same password, particularly for sensitive accounts like banking, investing, or email [Article 13336].
Preventions 1. Implementing proper security measures such as encrypting passwords using hashing to prevent mass disclosure of sensitive information [13336, 13178]. 2. Regularly conducting security audits and vulnerability assessments to identify and fix potential weaknesses in the system [13336]. 3. Ensuring that databases and web software are secure and not vulnerable to common hacking techniques like SQL injection attacks [13178].
Fixes 1. Implement proper security measures such as encrypting passwords using hashing to prevent mass disclosure of sensitive information [13336, 13178]. 2. Regularly update and patch software to fix vulnerabilities that could be exploited by hackers [13336]. 3. Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing to identify and address potential weaknesses in the system [13178]. 4. Educate users on the importance of using unique and strong passwords for different services to minimize the impact of a potential breach [13336]. 5. Notify affected users promptly and encourage them to change their passwords to mitigate the risk of unauthorized access [13336, 13178].
References 1. Yahoo's official statement [13336] 2. Security experts mentioned in the articles [13178]

Software Taxonomy of Faults

Category Option Rationale
Recurring one_organization, multiple_organization (a) The software failure incident related to a password breach at Yahoo has happened again within the same organization. In the incident reported in Article 13178, more than 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords were stolen from Yahoo Voice, a user-contribution service on Yahoo's network. This incident is similar to the one reported in Article 13336, where a hacker collective called D33Ds Co. publicly posted over 450,000 log-in credentials obtained from Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site due to a "union-based SQL injection" attack. Both incidents involved a breach of user credentials within Yahoo's services [13336, 13178]. (b) The software failure incident related to a password breach has also occurred at other organizations. The incident reported in Article 13178 mentions similar attacks reported against other online services, including Android Forums and Formspring, where users were encouraged to change their passwords immediately. These attacks were separate from the Yahoo breach but indicate a trend of password breaches affecting multiple organizations [13178].
Phase (Design/Operation) design, operation (a) The software failure incident related to the design phase: - The incident involved a major password breach at Yahoo, where more than 450,000 log-in credentials were publicly posted by hackers. The attack was described as a "union-based SQL injection," which exploited a poorly secured site's database to obtain private information [13336]. - The passwords obtained from Yahoo were stored in plain text instead of being cryptographically hashed, which is a significant security failure on Yahoo's part [13336]. - The incident exposed usernames and passwords from Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site, which was originally an independent site called Associated Content acquired by Yahoo. The exposed passwords mostly belonged to contributors who wrote material for either Associated Content or Yahoo [13336]. - The incident also revealed a large number of log-in credentials for other email services like Gmail, Hotmail, AOL, and ISPs, indicating a potential design flaw in how user accounts were managed and secured [13336]. (b) The software failure incident related to the operation phase: - The incident involved the misuse of user-generated content services on Yahoo's network, particularly Yahoo Voice, where more than 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords were stolen and posted online [13178]. - The passwords for the Yahoo Voice accounts were not encrypted, allowing hackers to immediately use them against other services, including Yahoo Mail, putting a significant amount of user data at risk [13178]. - The attack on Yahoo Voice was linked to an SQL injection attack, a common form of hacking that exploits flaws in the database and web software to gain access to sensitive information [13178]. - The incident highlighted the potential risks associated with the operation and security practices of user-generated content platforms like Yahoo Voice, where the lack of encryption for passwords posed a serious threat to user data [13178].
Boundary (Internal/External) within_system (a) The software failure incident related to the Yahoo password breach can be categorized as within_system. The incident was caused by a "union-based SQL injection," which is a method of exploiting a vulnerability within the system to trick the database into divulging private information [13336]. Additionally, the passwords were stored in plain text instead of being hashed, which is a significant security failure on Yahoo's part [13336]. The attack on Yahoo Voice, a user-contribution service on Yahoo's network, also involved exploiting flaws in the database and web software to gain access to usernames and passwords [13178].
Nature (Human/Non-human) non-human_actions, human_actions (a) The software failure incident occurring due to non-human actions: - The software failure incident involving the Yahoo password breach was primarily due to a "union-based SQL injection" attack, which is a method of exploiting a vulnerability in the database without human participation [13336]. - The attack on Yahoo Voice, where over 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords were stolen, was also attributed to an SQL injection attack, which is a non-human action that exploits flaws in the database and web software [13178]. (b) The software failure incident occurring due to human actions: - The failure to properly secure the passwords in the Yahoo Contributor Network, leading to the exposure of usernames and passwords stored in plain text, was a security failure on Yahoo's part, which can be considered a failure due to human actions [13336]. - The decision not to encrypt passwords in Yahoo Voice accounts, potentially exposing them to immediate use by hackers, was a human action that contributed to the severity of the breach [13178].
Dimension (Hardware/Software) software (a) The software failure incident occurring due to hardware: - The articles do not mention any hardware-related issues contributing to the software failure incident. Therefore, it is unknown if hardware played a role in this incident. (b) The software failure incident occurring due to software: - The software failure incident in the articles is primarily attributed to a software vulnerability in Yahoo's system. The attack was described as a "union-based SQL injection," which is a software-related vulnerability that allowed hackers to trick the database into divulging private information [13336]. - The incident involved the theft of over 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords from Yahoo Voice, a user-contribution service on Yahoo's network, indicating a software-related security flaw in how user data was stored and protected [13178].
Objective (Malicious/Non-malicious) malicious (a) The software failure incident related to the Yahoo password breach was malicious in nature. The incident involved a hacker collective known as D33Ds Co. who publicly posted over 450,000 log-in credentials obtained from Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site through a "union-based SQL injection" attack. The hackers described their attack as a way of tricking the poorly secured site's database into divulging private information, leading to a mass disclosure of usernames and passwords stored in plain text. The incident was aimed at pointing out lax security at Yahoo, although the exposed passwords became available to malicious individuals worldwide [13336]. (b) The incident was non-malicious in the sense that Yahoo's official statement mentioned that the compromised file was older and that fewer than 5 percent of the Yahoo passwords disclosed were currently valid. Yahoo took immediate action to fix the vulnerability, change passwords, and notify affected users and other companies whose users' accounts may have been compromised. The incident highlighted the importance of changing passwords regularly and following online safety tips [13336].
Intent (Poor/Accidental Decisions) poor_decisions, accidental_decisions (a) The intent of the software failure incident: - The software failure incident related to the Yahoo password breach was not intentional but rather a result of poor decisions made in terms of security measures. The hackers exploited a vulnerability in Yahoo's Contributor Network site using a "union-based SQL injection" to obtain over 450,000 log-in credentials [13336]. This incident highlighted significant security failures on Yahoo's part, such as storing passwords in plain text instead of hashing them for protection against mass disclosure. The hackers claimed they released the information to point out lax security at Yahoo, not for malicious purposes [13336]. - The incident involving the Yahoo Voice hack was also not intentional but rather a result of poor decisions related to security practices. The passwords for the accounts were not encrypted, making it easy for hackers to access emails and potentially use them against other services, including Yahoo Mail [13178]. The attack was carried out using an SQL injection attack, exploiting flaws in the database and web software to gain unauthorized access to user data [13178].
Capability (Incompetence/Accidental) development_incompetence (a) The software failure incident occurring due to development incompetence: The incident involving the Yahoo password breach was primarily due to a lack of professional competence in terms of security measures implemented by Yahoo. The hackers were able to exploit a "union-based SQL injection" vulnerability on Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site, which allowed them to access and disclose over 450,000 log-in credentials. Additionally, the passwords were stored in plain text instead of being hashed, which is a standard security practice to prevent mass disclosure of passwords [13336]. (b) The software failure incident occurring accidentally: The incident involving the Yahoo password breach was not accidental but rather a deliberate attack by a hacker collective called D33Ds Co. The hackers exploited a vulnerability in Yahoo's system using an SQL injection attack to obtain and disclose the log-in credentials. The incident was not accidental but a result of a targeted attack on Yahoo's security infrastructure [13336].
Duration permanent (a) The software failure incident related to the Yahoo password breach can be considered permanent. The incident involved a major password breach where more than 450,000 log-in credentials were publicly posted by hackers. The attack was described as a "union-based SQL injection," which allowed the hackers to obtain private information from Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site. The passwords were stored in plain text, which is a significant security failure on Yahoo's part. The incident led to the exposure of usernames and passwords, which were widely distributed across the Internet [13336, 13178]. The breach was a serious security incident that exposed sensitive information and passwords of users, leading to a permanent impact on the affected individuals and potentially compromising their accounts on various services.
Behaviour crash, value, other (a) crash: - Article 13336 reports a crash incident where Yahoo's password breach led to a major exposure of user passwords, indicating a failure due to the system losing state and not performing its intended functions [13336]. - Article 13178 mentions a potential crash incident where more than 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords were stolen from Yahoo Voice, a user-contribution service on Yahoo's network, potentially leading to a serious security risk [13178]. (b) omission: - The articles do not specifically mention an omission as the primary behavior of the software failure incident. (c) timing: - The articles do not specifically mention timing as the primary behavior of the software failure incident. (d) value: - Article 13336 describes a value-related failure where Yahoo's security flaw led to passwords being stored in plain text instead of being hashed, which is a significant security failure on Yahoo's part [13336]. - Article 13178 also highlights a value-related failure where the passwords for the Yahoo Voice accounts were not encrypted, potentially allowing hackers to immediately use them against other services, including Yahoo Mail [13178]. (e) byzantine: - The articles do not specifically mention a byzantine behavior as the primary behavior of the software failure incident. (f) other: - The other behavior observed in the software failure incident is a security breach due to a hack. Both articles report incidents where hackers gained unauthorized access to user credentials, leading to a breach of sensitive information [13336, 13178].

IoT System Layer

Layer Option Rationale
Perception None None
Communication None None
Application None None

Other Details

Category Option Rationale
Consequence property, non-human, theoretical_consequence (a) unknown (b) unknown (c) unknown (d) The software failure incident led to the exposure of more than 450,000 usernames and unencrypted passwords from Yahoo Voice, potentially putting users' data at risk [Article 13178]. (e) unknown (f) The software failure incident impacted non-human entities such as compromised email accounts from various services like Gmail, Hotmail, AOL, and ISPs [Article 13336]. (g) unknown (h) The potential consequences discussed included the risk of compromised email accounts being used against other services, including Yahoo Mail, due to the unencrypted passwords exposed in the Yahoo Voice hack [Article 13178]. (i) unknown
Domain information, finance (a) The failed system was related to the industry of information. The incident involved a breach of more than 450,000 log-in credentials from Yahoo's "Contributor Network" site, which was originally an independent site called Associated Content, focused on user-generated content and paying users for their submissions [13336, 13178]. (h) The incident also had implications for the finance industry as users were advised to change passwords associated with sensitive accounts such as banking and investing, highlighting the potential risks to financial security due to the breach [13336]. (m) The incident also affected users with non-Yahoo email accounts, potentially compromising their personal email security, indicating a broader impact beyond the industries listed [13336].

Sources

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